Rationale for Physical Fitness Testing

The Presidential Challenge includes five events that measure muscular strength/endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, speed, agility, and flexibility.  Students will be tested three times in the following tests: Curl-ups, Endurance run, Right Angle Push-ups, Shuttle Run, and Sit and Reach.

                First test-Curl-ups

                The objective is to measure the abdominal strength/endurance by maximum number of curl-ups performed in one minute. Students will have a partner hold his/her feet. Arms are crossed with hands placed on opposite shoulder and elbows held close to chest. Students will raise the trunk up to touch the outside of forearms and elbows to thighs and then lowers the back to the floor so that shoulder blades touch the floor. Bouncing off the floor is not performed and curl-ups should only be counted if performed correctly.

                Second test- Shuttle Run

                The objective is to measure speed and agility. Students will stand behind a designated line. 30 feet away from them will be two erasers, side by side. On signal, students will sprint to first eraser, pick one up and place (not throw) the eraser on the starting line. Then, the student sprints to pick up the second eraser and runs back across the starting line (Do not set eraser down on line. Run all the way through starting line.)

                Third test- Endurance Run

                The objective is to measure heart/lung endurance by fastest time covering a one mile, half mile, or quarter mile distance. For 4th, 5^th and 6^th graders, they will be completing the one mile distance, for 2nd graders, they will be completing the half mile distance, and for the 1^st graders, they will be completing the quarter mile distance. I don't have 3rd grade.

                Fourth test- Right angle push ups

                The objective is to measure upper body strength/endurance by maximum number of push-ups completed. The student starts in push-up position with hands under shoulders, arm straight and fingers pointed forward. Legs should be straight with the toes supporting the feet. Keeping the back and knees straight, the student them lowers the body until there is a 90 degree angle formed at the elbows. The push ups are done so that a complete push up is done every three seconds until the student can do no more. The student may not lower him/her self and lay down on the floor in between push-ups.

                Fifth test- Sit and Reach

                The objective is to measure flexibility of lower back and hamstrings. A specially constructed box with a measuring scale marked in centimeters, with 23 centimeters at the level of the feet will be used. Student will remove his/her shoes and sit on the floor with knees fully extended, feet shoulder-width apart and soles of the feet held flat against the end of the box. With hands on top of each other, palms down, and legs held flat, the student reaches along the measuring line as far as possible. After three practice reaches, the fourth reach is held while the distance is recorded.

Upcoming January Calendar

A semester in review

Wow, it's hard to believe it is almost Christmas break. The kids make me forget that teaching is my job. It is such a pleasure and a privilege to be your child's Physical Education teacher. Northwestern Elementary is a great place to learn lessons in the Physical, Social, and Emotional realms. I thought I would take the time to recap what the kiddos have done for the first half of the year in words and pictures.

Week 1- Introduction games, Class procedure, Name games
Week 2,3, and 4- Presidential fitness testing: Sit-ups, Push-ups, Sit and Reach, Shuttle Run, and Endurance Run
Week 5- Game Week: Bean Bag Bonanza, Pac Man Tag, Free choice game day
Week 6- Soccer skills- Individual dribbling, Partner dribbling, Dribble relays, Soccer passing and kicking into goals
Week 7- Line Soccer, Pin Soccer, Soccer Game
Week 8- Fitness Stations, Matball, Barker's Hoopla
Week 9- Parachute skills, choreographed routines, and games
Week 10- Frisbee golf, Aviator, One two
Week 11- 3 min. running quiz, free choice day (Fall Break Week)
Week 12- Indian Pinball, Battleship
Week 13- Volleyball skills and stations- Ready position, Forearm pass, Set, Serve
Week 14- Upper Elementary did Newcomb (Modified volleyball) Lower Elementary did skill work, Barker's Hoopla
Week 15- Indian Pinball, 5 min. running quiz (Thanksgiving break)
Week 16- Curl up test, Push up test, Fitness station work
Week 17(current week)- Shuttle run test, Sit and reach test, Fitness station work
Week 18- (will be) Endurance Run and make-up tests, Games
Week 19-(will be) Free choice day (Christmas break start)

                   

                  

                  

                   

                   

                   

                   

Exercises we do at the beginning of class

Let the kiddos show you a variety of exercises we do at the beginning of each class to get warmed up. 

                                                        Students performing jumping jacks

Students doing line jumps

Mountain climber time

Sit-Ups

Cardio Endurance Run

Volleyball unit in pictures

The past two weeks have been filled with volleyball skill work and games. Students learned how to bump, set, and serve the ball. Games included Keep it up, Serve a Rama, and Newcomb.  Here are a few pictures and videos to show what we did in class!!

Mrs. Miller

Holiday Trimmings

If you are interested in keeping or getting in shape over the holiday season, call 457-4447 to get signed up for the YMCA's Holiday Trimmings program.

Pin Ball and Battleship

Last week, students participated in two games that worked on hand-eye coordination, team work, and strategy.

The first game is called Pin Ball

The object of the game is to roll or toss the playground ball to the other side of the gym, knocking down the other teams’ pins.

1.       Divide the class in half and have the students line up at each end of the basketball court.

2.       Give the cue: Ready, Go and students will run to get a playground ball to throw at the other teams’ pins. They may not cross the middle line to get a playground ball.

3.       When one team knocks the other team’s pins down, the game is over

4.       Have the students set up the pins, put the playground balls up and go back to the baseline to play again.

Rules:

1.       No kicking the playground ball or you will walk around the track instead of playing the game that round.

2.       No crossing the middle line.

3.       No guarding the pins

4.       If you knock down a pin accidently on your side, it must stay down.

The second game is called battleship.

The object of the game is to sink everyone’s battleship before your own battleship is sunk. Ships are sunk when all their pins, lined up on the corners of the ship, are knocked down.

Students must stay on their mat (battleship) unless they are the team’s dolphin, in which case they are retrieving balls (cannons) and throwing them to their team mates to throw at the pins. This game is very fast paced and games only last 1-3 minutes.

New dolphins are selected each time and strategy time is given to teams to discuss ways to protect their battleship while trying to sink others ships.

Frisbee Golf (Frolf)

Students participated eagerly in an activity that many had not done before. Frisbee Golf or Disc Golf is a really fun game, and Highland Park has a disc golf course that many in our community use. I set up a course through out the field house and students learned the vocab terms: tee shot, lie, throwing order, and completion of a hole. A link to further explain the idea of Frisbee golf is below. We had to modify some of the rules and equipment due to what we had available, but the kids got the concept and had a great time. :-) http://www.discgolfassoc.com/education/history-of-discgolf.html

Name______________________________
Hole 1 Score _____		Hole 6 Score _____
Hole 2 Score _____		Hole 7 Score _____
Hole 3 Score _____		Hole 8 Score _____
Hole 4 Score _____		Hole 9 Score _____
Hole 5 Score _____		Hole 10 Score_____
		Total Score _______

Parachute Activities

This week in Physical Education, students had the opportunity to use the colorful parachute. The parachute is a great tool used to enhance children's social skills, personal behavior, perceptual and physical skills, and basic motor skills. It also helps kids develop balance, coordination, flexibility and muscle tone. It has been such a great way to promote cooperative group play. Some things that we did with the parachute were:
1. Choreographed routines to music
2. Domes
3. Climbed up the mountain
4. Shake the parachute at different levels
5. Pulled the parachute back to create resistance
6. Sit-Ups using the parachute
7. Switch places with another person under the parachute
8. Tossed beanies, balls up in the air
9. Make a mushroom with the parachute and let it float in the air

Station Work

Last week in Physical Education, students were able to participate in 20 different types of exercise stations. You can have your child practice these at home. Ask him/her to show you the following exercises:
1. Push Ups
2. High Knee Running in place
3. Jumping Jacks
4. Jump Rope
5. Squats
6. Log Roll
7. Planks
8. Bicycle Sit-Ups
9. Jogging
10. Toe Raises
11. Scuba Steves
12. Seat Kickers
13. Leg Lifts
14. Step Ups
15. Scooters
16. Superman/Superwoman
17. Medicine Ball side throw
18 Stretching
19. Basketball
20. Drink stations- hydrate

Each station can be done for 30 sec. to 1 minute and repeat as many times as you want. Maybe the entire family could try it out!

Mrs. Miller

Indoor Tennis Opportunity

Howard County Indoor Tennis Center

Are you looking for a fun way to get your family involved in fitness. One opportunity for winter exercise is to sign up for classes or private lessons at the HCITC. The tennis center is located at the 4-H fairgrounds and class costs are reasonable. There are opportunities for adults and children. I coach the Girls and Boys high school teams at Northwestern, and I would love to see students starting out with tennis at a younger age. Call 765-628-2105 for any questions you have!

It is time for the next session of the tennis center to start. With the ending of the boys high school season and the middle school season, classes will be filling up. Sign up soon by calling 765-628-2105.

If you are interested in getting signed up for classes at the HCITC, follow the link below to see what class you should sign up for.

http://www.hcitc.net/programs.html

For information on the rates and fees at the Howard County Indoor Tennis Center, follow the link below:

http://www.hcitc.net/ratesAndFees.html

To meet the staff of the HCITC, check out the following link:

http://www.hcitc.net/staff.html

FREE DAY REWARD

On Monday September 27, students enjoyed a free day, full of choices and opportunities to exercise. Students earned this free day by having 8 days of P.E. where the class had excellent attitudes, behavior, and effort. Every day that this good behavior occurred, the class received a sticker on their sticker chart. Yesterday, their hard work was rewarded. Ask your child what he/she did during free time.

On a similar note; effort, attitude, behavior, being prepared, and skills tests are the components I use to grade students in Physical Education. Every student should strive to do his or her personal best in class, with a great attitude. Each student should come prepared with proper P.E. attire and shoes. Your child's grade will reflect these components. Thank you for being an ally in your child's journey toward a healthy lifestyle!

Mrs. Miller

Tiger Pin Soccer

September 22, 2010

Ask your student how to play Tiger Pin Soccer

Mrs. Miller

Presidential Fitness Challenge scores are in*~

Mrs. Miller’s Physical Education class

Presidential Fitness Testing- 1st time of the year

Presidential level is the highest test level you can achieve. National level is the second highest. I hope all students will be motivated to achieve the highest level they can throughout the year. We will be retesting in December and again in the spring. Students will have the opportunity to improve!

5^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on all 5 events

-         Sarah Bilodeau

-         Morgan Mercer

6^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on all 5 events

-         Noah Dowden

1^st graders who tested at the National level or higher on all 5 events

-         Peyton Stahl

-         Cole Wise

-         Garrett Myers

4^th graders who tested at the National level or higher on all 5 events

-         Cameron Austin

-         Sasha Jocius

-         Lana Lupini

5^th graders who tested at the National level or higher on all 5 events

-         Carleigh Fieldhouse

-         Emily Martin

-         Megan Osman

-         Lilli Pine

-         Justin Ballinger

-         Evan Cardwell

6^th graders who tested at the National level or higher on all 5 events

-         Lauren Wyrick

-         Kelcie Blacklidge

-         Thomas Crocker

-         Connor Haines

-         Abby Russell

1^st graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit and Reach test

Makayla Braden

Devon Eads

Emma Warner

Peyton Stahl

Zeb Williams

Madilyn Calloway

Joshua Hawkins

Macie Lansdeadel

Olivia Oyler

Jace Jackson

Hannah Rayn

1^st graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Shuttle Run test

Peyton Stahl

Leah Carter

1^st graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit up test

Emma Warner

Eli Edwards

Chandler Hord

Peyton Stahl

Julion Creason

Joshua Hawkins

Sherman Jackson

Elijah Minor

Garrett Myers

Toni Wilson

Nevan Ferguson

Wes Miller

Nick Morgan

1^st graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Push up test

Callen Bennett

Makayla Braden

Emily Hunt

Joshua James

Christopher Lanseadel

Ava Reynolds

Austin Robinson

Athynn Smith

Emma Warner

Eli Edwards

Audrey Koetter

Peyton Stahl

Alainey Van Noy

Makenzee Westbrook

Zeb Williams

Cole Wise

Julion Creason

Joshua Hawkins

Elijah Minor

Cole Boruff

Leah Carter

Mariah Hodson

Jace Jackson

Wes Miller

Nick Morgan

Hannah Rayn

1^st graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Endurance Run test

Wes Miller

2^nd graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit and Reach test

Aidan Alter

Brianna Bolen

Mackenzie Hodupp

Seth Hrabos

Ashlyn Johnson

Merideth Webster

Kayleigh Wiley

2^nd graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Shuttle Run test

2^nd graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit up test

Brianna Bolen

Caraline Brandt

Mason Harrel

Seth Hrabos

Thomas Lunsford

Meredith Webster

2^nd graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Push up test

Kolby Ahnert

Brianna Bolen

Olivia Saxton

Meredith Webster

2^nd graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Endurance Run test

4^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit and Reach test

Baylee Martin

Kaylee Watson

Taylor Bentzler

Sasha Jocius

Lana Lupini

James Roe

Ashely Gaines

Levi Hrabos

Maycee Johnson

Trinidie Mossholder

Allison Miller

4^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Shuttle Run test

Madison Miller

Macy Riley

Kaylee Watson

Cameron Austin

Sasha Jocius

Jaimy Lalonde

Skyler Longfellow

Levi Hrabos

Kaitlyn Neher

Kaitlyn Perry

Adam Farouki

Ben Harris

Brayden Maple

Garrett Wiley

4^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit up test

Eli Tice

Cameron Austin

Larry Batt

Lana Lupini

Conner Landseadel

Kaitlyn Neher

Kaitlin Perry

Taylor Boruff

Justice Martin

4^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Push up test

Rylund Marks

Cameron Austin

4^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Endurance Run test

Sasha Jocius

Sophia Yager-Motl

Conner Landseadel

Tanner Pipenger

Taylor Boruff

Adam Farouki

Garrett Wiley

5^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit and Reach test

Sarah Bilodeau

Mackenzie Fraker

Joseph Lupini

Morgan Mercer

Megan Osman

Lilli Pine

Cameron Taylor

Kylee Beall

Evan Cardwell

Tori Carter

Nathanael Fivecoate

Noah Hamrick

Gabe Phillips

Will Stonestreet

5^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Shuttle Run test

Sarah Bilodeau

Morgan Mercer

Evan Cardwell

CJ Closson

5^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit up test

Sarah Bilodeau

Morgan Mercer

Lilli Pine

Tori Carter

Parker McKinley

Khloe Turner

5^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Push up test

Sarah Bilodeau

Carleigh Fieldhouse

Morgan Mercer

Megan Osman

Justin Ballinger

Abby Kirby

5^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Endurance Run test

Sarah Bilodeau

Emily Martin

Morgan Mercer

Cameron Taylor

CJ Closson

Gabe Phillips

6^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit and Reach test

Charlie Devaul

Noah Dowden

Dakota Simons

Lauryn Wyrick

Kelcie Blacklidge

Connor Haines

Abby Russell

Presley Stroud

6^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Shuttle Run test

Noah Dowden

Taylor Hunt

Trey Richmond

Lauryn Wyrick

Peyton Hawk

AJ Henderson

Devyn Johnson

6^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Sit up test

Noah Dowden

Lauryn Wyrick

Kelcie Blacklidge

Thomas Crocker

Kaytlin Jarvis-Meek

Devyn Johnson

6^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Push up test

Noah Dowden

Kelcie Blacklidge

Thomas Crocker

Connor Haines

Peyton Hawk

AJ Henderson

Presley Stroud

6^th graders who tested at the Presidential level on the Endurance Run test

Noah Dowden

Kelcie Blacklidge

Abby Russell

1^st graders who tested at the National level on the Sit and Reach test

Callen Bennett

Emily Hunt

Joshua James

Sydney Leisure

Gavin Nielander

Athynn Smith

Haleigh Smith

Dylan Brehm

Audrey Koetter

Savannah Strawmyer

Cole Wise

Julion Creason

Anna Dale

Emma Dale

Grant Helm

Garrett Myers

Jaxon Roe

TJ Weeks

Nevan Ferguson

Ethan Haynes

Mariah Hodson

Hunter Rood

Chloie Roth

1^st graders who tested at the National level on the Shuttle Run test

Callen Bennett

Joshua James

Ava Reynolds

Athynn Smith

Eli Edwards

Cole Wise

Garrett Myers

Wes Miller

1^st graders who tested at the National level on the Sit up test

Makayla Braden

Alannah Kenyon

Austin Robinson

Dylan Brehm

Audrey Koetter

Megan Lopez

Savannah Strawmyer

Alainey Van Noy

Makenzee Westbrook

Bella Whitaker

Zeb Williams

Cole Wise

Grant Helm

Emma Simms

Mariah Hodson

Jace Jackson

Hannah Rayn

Grant Robb

Hunter Rood

Chloie Roth

1^st graders who tested at the National level on the Push up test

Nick Bergstrom

Chase Duffy

Sydney Leisure

Haleigh Smith

Chandler Hord

Megan Lopez

Savannah Strawmyer

Grant Helm

Garrett Myers

Emma Simms

Angel Smith

TJ Weeks

Elise Estle

Owen Sims

1^st graders who tested at the National level on the Endurance Run test

Austin Robinson

Emma Warner

Audrey Koetter

Peyton Stahl

Cole Wise

Bailey Davenport

Garrett Myers

Olivia Oyler

TJ Weeks

Leah Carter

Gavin Foreman

2^nd graders who tested at the National level on the Sit and Reach test

Kolby Ahnert

Ruby Hamilton

Ruby Lashbrook

Emma O’Dell

Leah Parrott

Eayn VanSickel

Bryce Ziems

2^nd graders who tested at the National level on the Shuttle Run test

Ruby Hamilton

Mason Harrell

Thomas Lunsford

Emma O’Dell

Laney Parsons

Olivia Saxton

Maddison Tedder

Merideth Webster

Kayleigh Wiley

2^nd graders who tested at the National level on the Sit up test

Kolby Ahnert

Samantha Bumgardner

Owen Myers

Emma O’Dell

Maddison Tedder

Kayleigh Wiley

Bryce Ziems

2^nd graders who tested at the National level on the Push up test

Aidan Alter

Ruby Hamilton

Mason Harrell

Owen Myers

Leah Parrott

Laney Parsons

Maddison Tedder

Kayleigh Wiley

2^nd graders who tested at the National level on the Endurance Run test

Thomas Lunsford

Owen Myers

4^th graders who tested at the National level on the Sit and Reach test

Braydon Harris

JP Hawkins

Joey Wagner

Cameron Austin

Solon Bartrum

Kayla Bevington

Chaese Butzin

Briley Fillenwarth

Paige Hutchinson

Conner Landseadel

Kaitlin Perry

Amanda Wilson

Adam Farouki

Ben Harris

Justice Martin

Bailey Miller

Barak Moody

Addison Price

Garrett Wiley

4^th graders who tested at the National level on the Shuttle Run test

Zach Foreman

JP Hawkins

Jessie Jones

Eli Tice

Joey Wagner

Trevor Watson

Trey Watson

Larry Batt

Taylor Bentzler

Mariah Clark

Briley Fillenwarth

Paige Hutchinson

Benjamin Ludwig

Lana Lupini

Chiara Minor

Ashley Gaines

Mitchell Harrell

Maycee Johnson

Zeke Williams

Taylor Boruff

Emily Edsell

Lilli Hughes

Chelsea Lunsford

Justice Martin

Allison Miller

Addison Price

Macy Purcifull

Evan Shaw

Claire Wallace

4^th graders who tested at the National level on the Sit up test

Zach Foreman

JP Hawkins

Rylund Marks

Baylee Martin

Max McCool

Madison Miller

Jasmine Owens

Macy Riley

Joey Wagner

Kaylee Watson

Solon Bartrum

Gavin Conner

Briley Fillenwarth

Sasha Jocius

Maggie Daily

Ashley Gaines

Maycee Johnson

Alex Kennedy

Maggie McCool

Tanner Pipenger

Ben Harris

Lilli Hughes

Chelsea Lunsford

Brayden Maple

Allison Miller

Addison Price

Macy Purcifull

Evan Shaw

Garrett Wiley

4^th graders who tested at the National level on the Push up test

Zach Foreman

Braydon Harris

Joey Wagner

Solon Bartrum

Larry Batt

Sasha Jocius

Skyler Longfellow

Lana Lupini

Sophia Yager-Motl

4^th graders who tested at the National level on the Endurance Run test

Madison Miller

Macy Riley

Trevor Watson

Cameron Austin

Solon Bartrum

Mariah Clark

Benjamin Ludwig

Lana Lupini

Jacob Myers

Kaitlin Neher

Kaitlin Perry

Olivia Thatcher

Emily Edsell

Ben Harris

Justice Martin

Allison Miller

Bailey Miller

Addison Price

Macy Purcifull

Evan Shaw

5^th graders who tested at the National level on the Sit and Reach test

Michael Etherington

Carleigh Fieldhouse

Hannah Fennell

Jeremiah Jackson

Emily Martin

Kyleigh Oliver

Starla Parsons

Nick Sottong

Justin Ballinger

CJ Closson

Laura Conrad

Taylor Cook

Patti Engel

Maci Good

Katelyn Johnson

Abby Kirby

Madalynn Oury

Julia Tharp

Khloe Turner

5^th graders who tested at the National level on the Shuttle Run test

Cameron Bryant

Carleigh Fieldhouse

Joseph Lupini

Brennan Maple

Emily Martin

Megan Osman

Lilli Pine

Cole Riley

Nick Sottong

Justin Ballinger

Laura Conrad

Maci Good

Noah Hamrick

Gabe Phillips

5^th graders who tested at the National level on the Sit up test

Carleigh Fieldhouse

Hannah Fennell

Jeremiah Jackson

Kole Kirkman

Emily Martin

Madelyn Millikan

Kyleigh Oliver

Megan Osman

Sammy Scimia

Justin Ballinger

Evan Cardwell

CJ Closson

Taylor Cook

Maci Good

Katelyn Johnson

5^th graders who tested at the National level on the Push up test

Cameron Bryant

Kole Kirkman

Emily Martin

Lilli Pine

Cole Riley

Nick Sottong

Kylee Beall

Evan Cardwell

Maci Good

Noah Hamrick

Parker McKinley

Khloe Turner

5^th graders who tested at the National level on the Endurance Run test

Carleigh Fieldhouse

Hannah Fennell

Megan Osman

Lilli Pine

Justin Ballinger

Evan Cardwell

Abby Kirby

6^th graders who tested at the National level on the Sit and Reach test

Shae Hrabos

Maddie Smith

Vance Clark

Thomas Crocker

AJ Henderson

Kaytlin Jarvis-Meek

Jakob White

6^th graders who tested at the National level on the Shuttle Run test

Cole Clark

Jordan Delaplane

Charlie Devaul

Shae Hrabos

Conor O’Dell

Sean Ritenour

Dakota Simons

Nathan Ward

6^th graders who tested at the National level on the Sit up test

Cole Clark

Charlie Devaul

Shae Hrabos

Taylor Hunt

Conor O’Dell

Sean Ritenour

Maddie Smith

Nathan Ward

Kelcie Blacklidge

Thomas Crocker

Connor Haines

Meagan Houtari

Colten Pipenger

Abby Russell

Presley Stroud

Madison Zwiebel

6^th graders who tested at the National level on the Push up test

Lauren Austin

Cole Clark

Will Dennis

Conor O’Dell

Trey Richmond

Sean Ritenour

Dakota Simons

Maddie Smith

Lauren Wyrick

Max Clark

Vance Clark

Nicole Crocker

Meagan Houtari

Kaytlin Jarvis-Meek

Devyn Johnson

Colten Pipenger

Abby Russell

Presley Stroud

Jakob White

6^th graders who tested at the National level on the Endurance Run test

Cole Clark

Taylor Hunt

Conor O’Dell

Trey Richmond

Dakota Simons

Nathan Ward

Lauren Wyrick

Nicole Crocker

Thomas Crocker

Kyle Douglass

Connor Haines

Peyton Hawk

Colten Pipenger

GREAT WORK!!

KEEP IT UP*~*

MRS. MILLER